Which is why VPN services that actually want to honor their claims, but also not have legal trouble, usually cost more to justify investing in infrastructure that actually allows for both of these things to be true.

ExpressVPN, for instance, migrated every single server to be entirely held on RAM. Your session ends, that data is gone. So if they are forced by a govermental body to provide your data, they can comply, but the only data they’ll have is whatever you typed in to create an account and pay for it.