So it’s just showing the different types of sensors that might be used for parameter measurement.

Non-contacting is a device which does not need to be physically near a system to work, such as laser thermometers or many optical devices.

Contacting sensors require being touch the system to work properly, such as conventional thermometers, oil-immersion microscopes - hell, even things like rulers count as contact sensors, since you can’t an accurate reading unless it’s up against your sample.

Invasive-contact sensors integrate themselves into the sample for measurement. Thermocouples often will be placed into boreholes to measure the temp of a metal object such as a hot-end, various sensors are directly from feedback of a system (an example is looking at variations in a motor’s electical signals to determine if it’s experiencing resistance).

Sample extraction is what it sounds like. Examples of this are sample augers, which drill a cylinder out of a sample, needles for drawing fluids as non-invasively as possible, and pipettes.