Nope. You need root access to use sudo. It just runs a shell natively under Android. But you can run QEMU inside Termux.

Without root, you get this:

No 'su' binary found
SU_SEARCH_PATHS: /system/bin/su /debug_ramdisk/su /system/xbin/su /sbin/su /sbin/bin/su /system/sbin/su /su/xbin/su /su/bin/su /magisk/.core/bin/su
sudo requires a 'su' binary that supports the '-c', '--shell', '--preserve-environment' and '--mount-master' options