You can do this to an extent with kanji, as well, it’s just something that really only gets easier the more you study Japanese, though. When you start getting more proficient, you can usually have a pretty good shot at guessing the pronunciation and something of the meaning in context, but the difficulty is certainly really front-loaded.

Of course, then you have some kanji that just have 100 different readings and you just have to go memorize those, so there’s certainly room for improvement.