Threat actors sponsored by China “compromised” Canadian government networks over the past five years and collected valuable information, says a new report from Canada’s cyber spy agency.

The Communications Security Establishment, responsible for foreign signals intelligence, cyber operations and cyber security, released its updated national cyber threat assessment on Wednesday. The assessment flags threats the agency sees as the most pressing ones facing individuals and organizations in Canada.

“We’re often asked, what keeps up at night? Well, pick the page,” Caroline Xavier, CSE chief, told a news conference in Ottawa.

CSE’s latest report, which casts ahead to the 2025-2026 fiscal year, names the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as “the most comprehensive cyber security threat facing Canada today” and says the scale, tradecraft and ambitions China demonstrates online are “second to none.”