Bureaucratic control of primary and secondary education is shaped by state law, with variations between states. “Arizona and Florida are the best,” he said, in terms of decentralization of control benefiting charter schools.

One of the educational bureaucracy’s primary tools of control is over teacher certifications and licensing, Arnn noted.

“One of the key things” the educational bureaucracy does is “require teacher certification because that places [teachers] under the influence of the education schools,” Arnn explained.