Or a strong odour break my sense of smell?

I’ve accidentally knocked out my sense of smell with a bathroom cleaner before. Not enough ventilation while I was scrubbing things, I guess. Came back later in the day, thankfully, but was quite disturbing. I don’t recommend it.

Can a really strong flavour break my taste buds?

Not sure exactly about that, but there are compounds that will mess with your sense of taste significantly. e.g. there’s a fruit that makes sour things taste sweet: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synsepalum_dulcificum